Inspiration Essay Samples

Inspiration Essay SamplesFor students who are interested in pursuing the school of music as a profession, it is best to work with some inspiration in order to construct their assignments, and that is where aspiration essay samples can come in. A lot of schools offer their students assistance in writing assignments, this is something that you should not be afraid of, since you will be graded on the quality of your performance.The trick is to find the inspiration for your paper, so that it will sound more genuine, but you can also find a lot of essay samples that will provide you with this task. There are lots of ways to get these essay samples and all you have to do is to make sure that you select the right one.Before you can use any sample you will have to make sure that it matches your particular idea. For example, if you are using an excerpt from a book or an essay from a magazine, these are some of the possible choices. You have to decide which one is more suitable to your idea be fore you can go ahead with the process.Apart, from these essay samples you will also need to locate a handwriting sample. There are some sites that offer this service for free, but it will be good to know that this is indeed a free service, since you will not be required to pay for it. So it is best to search for the sites that offer these writing samples, since this will enable you to get the best sample.Another option is to search for the collection of aspiration essay samples online. Although there are many websites that offer such resources, you will have to take your time in order to find them. It is best to keep in mind that you will be graded on the quality of your assignment, so the quality of the essay you will be giving to the teacher will have to hold some weight.It is best to look for websites that offer free collection of essay samples. This way you can avoid paying for the service. Other than the internet you also have to make sure that you locate the paper samples thr ough newspapers and magazines, these will give you a lot of ideas, just make sure that you pick the ones that can be used to create your own work.Aspiration essay samples can really help you if you are going to compose an essay. The process can be a bit tiring, so it is best to invest some time in finding the right idea and getting the best essay samples.

10 Funny Bug Jokes and Riddles

There are lots of silly bug riddles and jokes out there. Here are some of my favorite bug riddles. Q: Why do ants dance on jelly jars?A: Because the lids say twist to open. Q: Where do bees wait for a ride?A: At the buzz stop! Q: What game do ants play with elephants?A: Squash! Q: What did the judge say when the stinkbug entered the courtroom?A: Odor in the court! Q: What was the last thing to go through the bugs mind when he hit the windshieldA: His rear end! Q: What did one flea say to the other flea?A: Should we walk home or take a dog? Q: What does a caterpillar do on New Years Day?A: Turns over a new leaf. Q: Why did the fly fly?A: Because the spider spied her. Q: Whats green and jumps a mile per minute?A: A grasshopper with the hiccups! Q: Whats smaller than an ants mouth?A: An ants dinner!

Patient Empowerment And The Health Insurance Industry

Healthcare 10 years ago is so much different than today. According to Chideya, 14.1 percent of Americans were without insurance. Patient Segregation was still a big factor back then. Hospitals at the time were still treating patients of certain races, religion, and gender. Hospital stays were so much longer compared to today due to not having the technology advances we have today. (Leonard, 2014) When a patient was sick, they didn’t have the options we have today. These patients had to see a doctor whereas today patients are able to see a physician assistant or a nurse practitioner. Patient empowerment is another factor that has been improved. Back in the 1950’s or 60’s, doctors would still withhold information of a woman’s diagnosis from†¦show more content†¦Most of the medical equipment run on digital platform and information software. Due to this dependency, healthcare is becoming more and more expensive and hard for the common man to afford. F irstly, politics have played a major role on healthcare since the end of World War II. Many attempts were made on health care reform: The Truman Administration (1945 - 1953) where President Truman proposed for universal health insurance coverage, administered and paid for by the National Health Insurance Board but this bill didn’t get very far after Congress condemned it as â€Å"socialized medicine.† Between the years of 1953-1961, the Eisenhower Administration supported the â€Å"Military Medicare† program which provided payment for healthcare services for all military dependents. Shortly after, the Kennedy Administration pursued a more modest form of healthcare coverage which entitled that health insurance coverage would be limiter to those 65 years of age and older. There was a lot of back and forth going and President Kennedy didn’t live to see the proposal’s chances through so it was passed to President Johnson. With President Johnson in office between the years of 1963-1969, the Social Security Amendment of 1965 was passed and entitled healthcare coverage to those 65 years and older, to the poor, blind and disabled.

Leadership Styles Essay - 1205 Words

Leadership Styles LDR/531 Organizational Leadership Leadership Styles Leaders have a â€Å"the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals† (Robbins amp; Judge, 2007, p. 402). In the past leaders have been described by certain traits or characteristics. These traits can help an organization identify potential candidates who may be strong leaders. Later behavior approaches of leaders were identified that could be taught. In short, leaders could be made. Situations have an impact on which leader behaviors will be most effect at any given time. Several contingency theories have been formulated over the years to identify how situations influence leadership behavior. Each style has strengths and†¦show more content†¦Dependent on the situation a leader can use a supportive, directive, participative or achievement-oriented behavior type to motivate subordinates to achieve higher performance levels. Situational leadership theory â€Å"specifies the appropriate type of leadership behavior for different levels of subordinate maturity in relation to the work† (Yuki, 2006, p. 223). For less mature subordinates may require a leader to be more task and directive-oriented to provide guidance that will help mature the individual. Mature subordinates require less task-oriented structures and work best when a leader uses a relation-oriented method. Multiple-linkage model includes four variables: managerial, intervening, criterion, and situational (Yuki, 2006). This model describes â€Å"the interacting effects of managerial behavior and situational variables on the intervening variables that determine the performance of a work unit† (Yuki, 2006, p. 228). The six intervening variables are task-commitment, ability and role clarity, organization of work, cooperation and mutual respect, resources and support, and external coordination. These variables are interdependent. To maximize the effectiveness of a group, a balance of each variable is critical. A situation can affect the variables, regardless of leader involvement. A leader’s role is to correct any deficiencies. Cognitive resource theory analyzes the situations in whichShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles : Leadership Style780 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Leadership style is designed according to a pioneer s behaviors, which is enveloped under behaviorist theory. Inside of this class, distinctive examples of leadership behavior are watched and classified as leadership styles. Practicing managers have a tendency to be the most keen on looking into this specific theory in light of the fact that with it leaders can modify their style taking into account the convictions, values, inclinations and society of the association they work for.Read MoreLeadership Styles Of Leadership Style1399 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is leadership? Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines leadership as â€Å"the power or ability to lead other people†. Although this is simply put, it is also correct. But leadership is much more than the ability to lead. The ability is one piece of the puzzle. Other pieces to consider in leadership are education, attributes, and style, just to name a few. In this assignment, I will focus on leadership style. Speci fically, I will discuss my style according to the assessment developed byRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles897 Words   |  4 PagesThe last style of leadership is delegative leadership in which the leader delegates tasks to the employees. This leader is able to derive satisfaction from allowing the staff to participate in decision making responsibilities (Brody and Nair, 2014, p. 4). These leadership styles are not set in stone and characteristics may overlap into other leaderships styles. The leadership style that would best suit a rural area is participate leadership style. In rural areas agencies and organizations lack resourceRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Style851 Words   |  4 Pageswant to give critical thought to your unique leadership style and foster genuine followership, learn from what’s out there and weave it into something meaningful and authentic.† (Feiner, 2015) For the last two weeks, I have spent time self-analyzing and soul searching to identify the qualities I bring to a leadership role. Many of the core values important to me also align between the participative leadership style and laissez-faire leadership style. These values include working in a team environmentRead MoreLeadership Styles : Leadership Style995 Words   |  4 PagesLeaders are expected to use a leadership style, communication skills, and their knowledge of interpersonal and team dynamics to create an appropriate quality of work life for their followers in the workplace. A leadership style is a combination of a leader’s attitude, expertise, character, and values that is exhibited in the leader’s behavior. Each style of leadership reflects a leader’s beliefs about a follower’s capabilities. A follower’s perception of leadership style really matters to them, as theyRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles934 Words   |  4 PagesThere is much that is written about leadership; like books on l eadership styles, techniques and also biographies of leaders that have inspired people to action. While this is true, there is the everyday leadership and a slightly different outlook to leadership as well. Here are a few of them. 1. There Are Different Kinds of Leaders Among leaders are formal and informal leaders. Formal leaders are elected to their positions like congressmen, senators and office bearers of clubs. Informal leadersRead MoreLeadership Styles : Leadership Style979 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own leadership style. In her article, Johnson (n.d.) discusses five leadership styles: Laissez-Faire, autocratic, transactional, transformational and participative. Laissez-Faire has a French origin and it means â€Å"a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering† (Oxford dictionaries, 2016). When leaders take total control, such as making all decisions alone and does not ask for the input of the employees, they are using the autocratic leadership style. ThisRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably feel as if they know enough about leadership to speak on the subject. In many cases, however, this is not truly the case at all. Leadership is a broad concept , and there are several different styles and approaches to consider when studying the topic. It is important to consider these styles and approaches when evaluating the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of any particular form of leadership. With that in mind, this essay will consider the leadership styles of two leaders who are involved in theRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Leadership Styles1994 Words   |  8 Pagesthat leadership is a kind of ability or activity which a leader could straight affect and guide their followers to achieve certain objectives in the specific situation (John Calvin Maxwell,2011). The shifting internal elements and increasing external competitions have posed growing demanding to managers’ leadership approaches. However, managers are provided with various personalities or perspectives, accordingly, managers are not accomplishing their aims by using similar styles. The leadership styleRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Leadership Style1088 Words   |   5 PagesConsider what leadership or management style speaks most to you. Discuss that particular style, explain why it fits you better than others. Alternatively, consider the leadership or management style fits you least. Explain what is least desirable with that style from your perspective. What leadership or management style speaks most to me? They are a few leadership styles that I venerate. The Transformational Leadership, the Visionary Leadership, and the Charismatic Leadership styles are the most

Choosing My Superpower Essay Example For Students

Choosing My Superpower Essay Many people are confused when they are asked which superpower they would choose because there are many kinds of them. They do not know which superpower is the best for them. However, I am someone who knows exactly which superpower is for me. When I was in high school, there were spiteful rumors about me. Moreover, they came from a person who I called â€Å"best friend. † Since that event, I have always wished for the power to be invisible. It will help me cope with ruses of two-faced people and bring the freedom to my life. To begin, if I were invisible, I could realize the real nature of people. Friends are an important factor in everybody’s life. With some people, friends are people we can trust and people we share all of our thoughts, as well as our feelings. Nevertheless, that does not mean that all friends are good people. I have had friends that can be very good and in front of me, but when I am gone, they tell lies about me behind my back. My ex-best friend and I seemed like sister because we were always together. We hang out every weekend at the shopping mall. We shared our favorite food. We made a plan together. I totally believed in her that I told her all my secrets and even let her read my diary. However, until I realized her real nature, everything was too late. Leaving behind all my trust and love to her, she told all my confidentiality to the whole world with exaggerated details. Of course, I became a joke for the whole school. She was such a talented chef by using my secrets as the main ingredient and mixing it with the overstatements as her homemade spices. Then she had perfect recipe and finally made a delicious dish, which everybody enjoyed except for me. Therefore, if I had a new friend, t This is time I would make use of my power. I would turn invisible and sneak into my friend’s conservations with other people. Then I will know what my friend really thinks about. I mef it is necessary, I will ready to unmask the liar and betrayer. Society is a mixture between good people and bad people. If you are only a normal person, you never can truly know what the nature of one person is. However, it is definitely possible if I have the power to be invisible. I am able to denounce the deceits of liars and lay bare their hypocrisy. Then I can have a satisfied smile and find the real good people in my life. Another advantage of being invisible is that I you can be who I am you are and do whatever I want. Singing aloud, dancing crazy, talking to myself and having silly expressions are things that I often do but only when I am alone and there is no one around. I am afraid the stares toward me as if I were an alien. Everyday, I have to live with many concerns about rules and regulations: wear uniform to school, comb my hair before going outside, etc. Why must I wear uniform while it is very uncomfortable? Why must I be tidy up while I dont want to? These questions have the same answer: because of people judgments. I have to wear uniform if I do not want to be considered as bad student. I have to be tidy up in order not to be called bad personality person. The only way to stop people commenting on my dignity is that they cannot see me. This is time the invisible power would work. Being invisible, I can do whatever I like without caring about people judgments. I can wear jeans and be with a messy hair to school. I can do silly things without notices. Nothing is more wonderful than you have your own world with your own rules. â€Å"You are amazing just the way you are. † This is a quote from my favorite song that I fully sympathize with. I was born with my own character and personality, which makes me special. .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 , .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .postImageUrl , .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 , .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08:hover , .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08:visited , .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08:active { border:0!important; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08:active , .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08 .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c2332ecc37c36f8136bbb0891fc5e08:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Nature and Discontent in King Lear - unfinis EssayHence, there is no reason why I have to follow the rules and be the same as others. Society is a mixture between good people and bad people. If you are only a normal person, you never can truly know what the nature of one person is. However, it is definitely possible if I have the power to be invisible. I am able to denounce the deceits of liars and lay bare their hypocrisy. Then I can have a satisfied smile and find the real good people in my life. Moreover, the invisible power can help me become a unique person. While people are living with a highly affected style, I am the only one who can live with true dignity an d live in freedom.

The New Fraud Triangle Model free essay sample

Fraud in corporations is a topic that receives significant and growing attention from regulators, auditors, and the public. Increasingly external auditors are being asked to play an important role in helping organizations prevent and detect fraud. Detecting fraud is not an easy task and requires thorough knowledge about the nature of fraud, how it can be committed and concealed. This paper aims at broadening external auditors’ knowledge about fraud and why it occurs. It explains Cressey’s fraud theory and shows its significance, presents the other fraud models and relates them to Cressey’s model, and proposes a new fraud triangle model that external auditors could consider when assessing the risk of fraud. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: fraud, fraud triangle, cressey’s fraud theory, fraud models, fraud detection _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________ INTRODUCTION â€Å"Trust violators when they conceive of themselves as Corporate fraud is a topic that has received having a financial problem which is non-shareable, significant and growing attention from regulators, have knowledge or awareness that this problem can auditors, and the public. External auditors are be secretly resolved by violation of the position of increasingly being asked to play an important role in financial trust, and are able to apply to their own helping organizations prevent and detect fraud. conduct in that situation verbalisations which enable Detecting fraud is not an easy task and requires them to adjust their conceptions of themselves as thorough knowledge about the nature of fraud, why it trusted persons with their conceptions of themselves is committed, and how it can be committed and as users of the entrusted funds or property† (page concealed. Cressey’s fraud theory explained why 742). The three factors were non-shareable financial trust violators commit fraud and was widely used by problem, opportunity to commit the trust violation, regulators, professionals, and academics. This work and rationalisation by the trust violator. When it has been conceptualised as â€Å"the fraud triangle†. comes to non-shareable financial problem, Cressey However, critics of the fraud triangle argued that it stated â€Å"[p]ersons become trust violators when they cannot help alone in explaining fraud because two conceive of themselves as having incurred financial factors cannot be observed (rationalisation and obligations which are considered as non-sociallypressure), and other important factors, like sanctionable and which, consequently, must be capabilities of the fraudsters, are ignored. satisfied by a private or secret means† (page 741). Hence, in the current paper, Cressey’s fraud theory is explained and its significance is highlighted. The paper also assesses the fraud triangle in light of other fraud models, and proposes a new fraud triangle model that should be considered by external auditors in assessing fraud risk. He also mentioned that perceived opportunity arises when the fraudster sees a way to use their position of trust to solve the financial problem, knowing they are unlikely to be caught. As for rationalisation, Cressey believed that most fraudsters are first-time offenders with no criminal record. They see themselves as ordinary, honest people who are caught in a bad situation. This enables them justify the crime to themselves in a way that makes it acceptable or justifiable. LITERATURE REVIEW Why people commit fraud was first examined by Donald Cressey, a criminologist, in 1950. His research was about what drives people to violate trust. He interviewed 250 criminals over a period of 5 months whose behaviour met two criteria: (1) the person must have accepted a position of trust in good faith, and (2) he must have violated the trust. He found that three factors must be present for a person to violate trust and was able to conclude that: Cressey found that: â€Å"In the interviews, many trust violators expressed the idea that they knew the behaviour to be illegal and wrong at all times and that they merely kidded themselves into thinking that it was not illegal† (page 741). 191 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(3):191-195 (ISSN:2141-7024) Over the years, Cressey’s hypothesis has become well known as â€Å"the fraud triangle† as shown in Figure 1 below. The first side of the fraud triangle represents a pressure or motive to commit the fraudulent act, the second side represents a perceived opportunity, and the third side stands for rationalisation (Wells 2011). Pressure Opportunity Rationalization Figure 1: Fraud Triangle Source: Wells, J. T. , 2005. Principles of fraud examination. Hoboken, New York: John Wiley and Sons In 1953, Cressey published his research in a book called â€Å"Other People’s Money†. He divided the non-sharable financial problems into six categories: difficulty in paying back debts, problems resulting from personal failure, business reversals (uncontrollable business failures such as inflation or recession), physical isolation (trust violator is isolated from people who can help him), status gaining (living beyond one’s means, and employer-employee relations (employer’s unfair treatment). Researchers in the audit literature defined differently the components of the fraud triangle and gave different examples for each. For instance, Lister (2007, p. 63) defined the pressure/motive to commit fraud as â€Å"the source of heat for the fire† but he believed the presence of these pressures in someone’s life does not mean he or she will commit fraud. He also added there are three types of motivation or pressure: Personal pressure to pay for lifestyle, employment pressure from continuous compensation structures, or management’s financial interest, and external pressure such as threats to the business financial stability, financier covenants, and market expectations. Lister saw opportunity, which is the second side of the fraud triangle, as â€Å"the fuel that keeps the fire going† and he believed even if a person has a motive, he or she cannot perpetrate a fraud without being given an opportunity. He also gave some examples of opportunities that can lead to fraud like high turnover of management in key roles, lack of segregation of duties, and complex transactions or organizational structures. As for the third component of the fraud triangle, rationalization, Lister defined it as â€Å"the oxygen that keeps the fire burning†. He mentioned that although auditors may not be able to assess the personal value systems of each individual in the organization, they can assess the corporate culture. pressures or corporate pressures on the individual. The motive to commit fraud may be driven by the pressures influencing the individual, by rationalization, or by sheer opportunity. He believed a person’s position in the organisation contribute to the opportunity to commit fraud. He also believed there is a direct correlation between opportunity to commit fraud and the ability to conceal the fraud. Thus, understanding the opportunity for fraud to occur allows auditors to identify, which fraud schemes an individual can commit, and how fraud risks occur when the controls do not operate as intended by management. Albrecht et al. (2008, 2010), however, mentioned pressure/motive can be financial or non-financial and they gave examples of perceived financial pressures that can motivate fraud like; personal financial losses, falling sales, inability to compete with other companies, greed, living beyond one’s means, personal debt, poor credit, the need to meet shortterm credit crises, inability to meet financial forecasts, and unexpected financial needs. They also gave examples of non-financial pressure, such as; the need to report results better than actual performance, frustration with work, or even a challenge to beat the system. They believed that even with very strong perceived pressures, executives who believe they will be caught and punished rarely commit fraud. They also mentioned some examples of rationalizations that executives can use to commit fraud, like; â€Å"we need to keep the stock price high†, all companies use aggressive accounting practices, or it is for the good of the company. As for perceived opportunities to commit fraud examples include; a weak board of directors, a lack of or circumvention of controls that prevent/detect fraudulent behavior, failure to discipline fraud perpetrators, lack of access to information, and the lack of an audit trail. Murdock (2008) also argued that pressure can be a financial pressure, non financial, or political and social pressure. Non-financial pressure can be derived from a lack of personal discipline or other weaknesses such as gambling habit, drug addiction. While, political and social pressure occurs when people feel they cannot appear to fail due to their status or reputation. However, Rae and Subramaniam (2008), saw pressure relates to employees motivation to commit fraud as a result of greed or personal financial pressure, and opportunity refers to a weakness in the system where the employee has the power or ability to exploit, making fraud possible, while rationalisation as a justification of fraudulent behavior as a result of an employee’s lack of personal integrity, or other moral reasoning. It can be concluded from the above definitions of motives/pressures that motives were classified differently. Some researchers classified them as On the other hand, Vona (2008) believed the motive to commit fraud is often associated with personal 192 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(3):191-195 (ISSN:2141-7024) personal, employment, or external pressure, while others classified them as financial and non-financial pressures. However, it can be noticed that both classifications are some-how related. For instance, personal pressure can come from both financial and non-financial pressure. A personal financial pressure in this case could be gambling addiction or a sudden financial need, while a personal non-financial pressure can be lack of personal discipline or greed. By the same token, employment pressure and external pressure can come from either financial or non-financial pressure. This link can be illustrated as shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Classifications of Pressure/Motive Cressey’s fraud theory, normally known as the fraud triangle theory, was widely supported and used by audit professionals and standards’ setters as a tool for detecting fraud. For instance, in 1987, the Commission of the Treadway Committee reviewed both alleged and proven instances of fraudulent financial reporting and issued a report that supports Cressey’s findings. Results revealed that: â€Å"Fraudulent financial reporting usually occurs as the result of certain environmental, institutional, or individual forces and opportunities. These forces and opportunities add pressures and incentives that encourage individuals and companies to engage in fraudulent financial reporting and are present to some degree in all companies. If the right, combustible mixture of forces and opportunities is present, financial reporting may occur† (1987, p. 23). In 2002, SAS No. 99 supported the use of Cressey’s fraud triangle by mentioning that: â€Å"Three conditions generally are present when fraud occurs. First, management or other employees have an incentive or are under pressure, which provides a reason to commit fraud. Second, circumstances exist—for example, the absence of controls, ineffective controls, or the ability of management to override controls—that provide an opportunity for a fraud to be perpetrated. Third, those involved are able to rationalize committing a fraudulent act. Some individuals possess an attitude, character, or set of ethical values that allow them to knowingly and intentionally commit a dishonest act. However, even otherwise honest individuals can commit fraud in an environment that imposes sufficient pressure on them. The greater the incentive or pressure, the more likely an individual will be able to rationalize the acceptability of committing fraud† (AU316. 06, Paragraph . 07). The standard required the audit team members to discuss the susceptibility of the entity’s financial statements to material misstatement due to fraud, and urged them to consider both internal and external factors affecting the entity that might create pressures for management and others to commit fraud, provide the opportunity for fraud to be committed, and indicate an environment that enables management to rationalize committing fraud (AU316. 13, Paragraph 15). In addition, in 2009, the International Auditing Standards Board issued a revised version of International Standard on Auditing 240 (ISA 240): The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements which stated that â€Å"Fraud, whether fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation of assets, involves incentive or pressure to commit fraud, a perceived opportunity to do so and some rationalization of the act† (Ref: Para. 3). The standard also provided examples for the three fraud risk factors. For example, Incentive or pressure to commit fraudulent financial reporting may exist when management is under pressure, from sources outside or inside the entity, to achieve an expected (and perhaps unrealistic) earnings target or financial outcome. A perceived opportunity to commit fraud may exist when the trust violator is in a position of trust or has knowledge of specific deficiencies in internal control. The standard also mentioned that individuals may be able to rationalise committing a fraudulent act. ISA 240 also required audit team members to discuss the susceptibility of the entity to fraud and urged them to consider external and internal factors affecting the entity that may create an incentive or pressure for management or others to commit fraud, provide the opportunity for fraud to be perpetrated, and indicate a culture or environment that enables management or others to rationalize committing fraud (A11). Although Cressey’s fraud triangle was supported by audit regulators, critics (Albrecht et al. 1984, Wolfe and Hermanson 2004, Kranacher, et al. in 2010, Dorminey et al. 2010) argued that the model alone is an inadequate tool for deterring, preventing, and detecting fraud. Albrecht et al (1984) introduced the â€Å"Fraud Scale Model† as an alternative for the 193 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(3):191-195 (ISSN:2141-7024) fraud triangle model. The fraud scale includes personal integrity instead of rationalisation and it is particularly applicable to financial reporting fraud where sources of pressure (e. g. analysts’ forecasts, managements’ earnings guidance, a history of sales and earnings growth) are more observable. They defined personal integrity as â€Å"the personal code of ethical behaviour each person adopts† (page 18). Personal integrity can be an observable through observing both a person’s decisions as well as the decision making process. That person’s commitment to ethical decision making can be observed and this can help in assessing integrity and thus the likelihood of an individual committing fraud. Their research was conducted by performing an analysis of 212 frauds in the early 1980s to determine the motivations of the perpetrators of occupational frauds and abuses. They also collected demographics and background information on the frauds through questionnaires that were distributed to 212 internal auditors of companies that had experienced frauds and classified motivations to commit financial reporting fraud into nine different types which are similar to those of Cressey’s non-sharable financial problems: living beyond their means, an overwhelming desire for personal gain, high personal debt, a close association with customers, feeling pay was not commensurate with responsibility, a wheeler-dealer attitude, strong challenge to beat the system, excessive gambling habits, and undue family or peer’s pressure. They also examined comprehensive data sources to assemble a complete list of pressure, opportunity, and integrity variables, resulting in a collection of 82 possible red flags of occupational fraud and abuse. out of it easily, and (4) capability to deal with the stress created within an otherwise good person when she commits bad acts. Another model called â€Å"MICE† was suggested by Kranacher, et al. in 2010 (as cited in Dorminey et al. , 2010). In this model they suggested that motivation of fraud perpetrators, which is one of the sides in the fraud triangle, may be more appropriately expanded and identified with the acronym: MICE that stands for: Money, ideology, coercion, and ego. Ideological motivators justify the means where they can steal money or participate in a fraud act to achieve some perceived greater good that is consistent with their beliefs (ideology). Coercion occurs when individuals may be unwillingly pulled into a fraud scheme, but those individuals can turn into whistleblowers. Ego can also be a motive for fraud, where sometimes people don’t like to lose their reputation or position of power in front of their society or families. This social pressure can be a motive to commit fraudulent act just to keep their ego. In addition, Dorminey, et al. (2010) argued that the model cannot solve the fraud problem alone because two sides of the fraud triangle, pressure and rationalization, cannot be easily observed. In fact, it is important for auditors to consider all fraud models to better understand why fraud is committed. Hence, the above models should all be regarded as an extension to Cressey’s fraud triangle model and should be integrated in one model that includes motivation, opportunity, integrity, and fraudster’s capabilities as shown in figure 4 below. In 2004, Wolfe and Hermanson introduced the â€Å"Fraud Diamond Model† as shown in figure 3 below, where they presented another side that extends the fraud triangle which is â€Å"the fraudster’s capabilities†. Incentive Rationalization Opportunity Capability Figure 3: The Fraud Diamond Figure 4: The New Fraud Triangle Model Source: Wolfe, D. T. and Hermanson, D. R. (2004). â€Å"The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud†, The CPA Journal, December, p. 4 CONCLUSION The current paper aims at broadening external auditors’ knowledge about fraud and why it occurs. It explains Cressey’s fraud triangle model and shows its significance, presents the other fraud models and relates it to Cressey’s model, and proposes a new fraud triangle model that external auditors should consider when assessing the risk of fraud. A thorough literature review was undertaken to achieve the paper’s aim. The secondary data used in this paper was obtained from different databases like Ebscohost, Business Search Premier, Academic Search Premier, Emerlad, Sciencedirect, and Jstor. Wolfe and Hermanson believed many frauds would not have occurred without the right person with the right capabilities implementing the details of the fraud. They also suggested four observable traits for committing fraud; (1) Authoritative position or function within the organization, (2) capacity to understand and exploit accounting systems and internal control weaknesses, (3) confidence that she/he will not be detected or if caught she/he will get 194 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(3):191-195 (ISSN:2141-7024) Reviewing the literature showed that researchers classified the motive side of the fraud triangle differently. Some researchers classified them as personal, employment, or external pressure, while others classified them as financial and non-financial pressures. However, it can be noticed that both classifications are some-how related. For instance, personal pressure can come from both financial and non-financial pressure. A personal financial pressure in this case could be gambling addiction or a sudden financial need, while a personal non-financial pressure can be lack of personal discipline or greed. By the same token, employment pressure and external pressure can come from either financial or non-financial pressure. Thus, external auditors have to keep in mind that pressure/motive to commit fraud can be either a personal pressure, employment pressure, or external pressure, and each of these types of pressures can also happen because of a financial pressure or a non financial pressure. They also need to understand the opportunity for fraud to help them in identifying which fraud schemes an individual can commit and how fraud risks occur when there is an ineffective or missing internal control. Albrecht, W. S. , Albrecht, C. , and Albrecht, C. C. (2008). â€Å"Current trends in fraud and its detection†, Information Security Journal: A global perspective, Vol. 17, pp. 1-32 Retrieved from www. ebscohost. com Albrecht, C. , Turnbull, C. , Zhang, Y. and Skousen, C. J. (2010). â€Å"The relationship between South Korean chaebols and fraud†. Managerial Auditing Journal, 33(3), pp. 1-25. Retrieved from www. emerald. com Auditing Standards Board. (2002). Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99: Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit. Cressey, D. R. (1950). â€Å"The criminal violation of financial trust†. American Sociological Review, 15 (6), pp. 738-743, December, pp. 1-15. Retrieved from www. JSTOR. org Cressey, D. R. (1953). Other People’s Money. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, pp. 1-300 Dorminey, J. , Fleming, S. , Kranacher, M. , and Riley, R. (2011). â€Å"The evolution of fraud theory†. American Accounting Association Annual Meeting, Denver, August, pp. 1-58. Although Cressey’s fraud triangle was supported and used by audit regulators (ASB and IAASB), critics argued that the model alone is an inadequate tool for deterring, preventing, and detecting fraud. This is because two sides of the fraud triangle (pressure and rationalization) cannot be observed, and some important factors, like fraudsters’ capabilities are ignored. Thus, some researchers suggested the rationalization side should be replaced by personal integrity because it can be more observable, others suggested the motive side needs to be expanded to include non-financial factors like ego and coercion, while others suggested a fourth side to be added to the fraud triangle which is â€Å"fraudster’s personal capabilities†. The current paper believes it is important for external auditors to consider all the fraud models to better understand why fraud occurs. The paper also suggests that all other fraud models should be regarded as an extension to Cressey’s fraud triangle model and should be integrated in one model that includes motivation, opportunity, integrity, and fraudster’s capabilities. This model should be called â€Å"the New Fraud Triangle Model†. Hence, with the new fraud triangle model, external auditors will consider all the necessary factors contributing to the occurrence of fraud. This should help them in effectively assessing fraud risk. International Auditing Standards Board. (2009). International Standard on Auditing No. 240: the Auditor’s responsibilities relating to fraud in an audit of financial statements. Lister, L. M. (2007). â€Å"A practical approach to fraud risk†, Internal Auditor, December, pp. 1-30 Murdock, H. (2008). â€Å"The three dimensions of fraud†. Internal Auditor, pp. 1-14, August. Rae, K. and Subramaniam, N. (2008). Quality of internal control procedures: Antecedents and moderating effect on organizational justice and employee fraud. Managerial Auditing Journal. 23 (2), pp. 1-43. Retrieved from: www. emerald. com Vona, L. W. (2008). Fraud risk assessment: Building a fraud audit program. Hoboken New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 1-250 Wells, J. T. (2011). Corporate Fraud Handbook: Prevention and Detection. 3rd edition, Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons, Inc. , pp. 1-400 Wolfe, D. T. and Hermanson, D. R. (2004). â€Å"The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud†. The CPA Journal, December, pp. 1-5